![]() These pathways can work in concert with each other, and the relative contribution of each pathway may vary depending on the intensity and duration of the exercise. ![]() Whether participating recreationally or competitively, these events result in considerable physiological ( Sperlich, 2016 D’Silva et al., 2020) and immunological ( Nieman, 2007 Barros et al., 2017) responses, in addition to triggering acute metabolic shifts in various energy-producing pathways ( Lewis et al., 2010 Schader et al., 2020). The successful completion of endurance running events, such as half-marathons (21.1 km), marathons (42.2 km), and ultra-marathons (>42.2 km) ( Ambrozic et al., 2018), is regarded as a remarkable physical ( Stöggl and Wunsch, 2016) and mental accomplishment ( Hammer and Podlog, 2016). Although complete metabolic recovery of the energy-producing pathways and fuel substrate stores was attained within the 48 h recovery period, several metabolites remained perturbed throughout the 48 h recovery period and/or fluctuated again following their initial recovery to pre-marathon-related levels. Additionally, metabolites associated with delayed-onset muscle soreness were observed however, the mechanisms underlying this commonly reported phenomenon remain to be elucidated. Results and Discussion: A total of 26 metabolites were identified to fluctuate significantly among post-marathon and recovery time points and were mainly attributed to the recovery of adenosine triphosphate, redox balance and glycogen stores, amino acid oxidation, changes to gut microbiota, and energy drink consumption during the post-marathon recovery phase. ![]() Methods: This investigation employed an untargeted proton nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics approach to characterize the post-marathon recovering metabolome by systematically comparing the pre-, immediately post, 24, and 48 h post-marathon serum metabolite profiles of 15 athletes. Nevertheless, an untargeted, multi-disciplinary elucidation of the complex underlying biochemical mechanisms involved in recovery after such an endurance event is yet to be demonstrated. A comprehensive understanding of the post-marathon recovering metabolome, may aid in the identification of new biomarkers associated with marathon-induced stress, recovery, and adaptation, which can facilitate the development of improved training and recovery programs and personalized monitoring of athletic health/recovery/performance. Introduction: Extreme endurance events may result in numerous adverse metabolic, immunologic, and physiological perturbations that may diminish athletic performance and adversely affect the overall health status of an athlete, especially in the absence of sufficient recovery. 6Human and Exercise Nutrition Research Centre, School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.5School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.4Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.3Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.2Department of Sport Exercise and Nutrition, School of Science and Computing, Atlantic Technological University, Galway, Ireland.1Human Metabolomics, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa. ![]() Keane 2, Glyn Howatson 3,4, Tom Clifford 5, Emma J. ![]() Rachelle Bester 1, Zinandré Stander 1, Shayne Mason 1, Karen M. ![]()
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